An old ophthalmologist with scotoma(dark spot) and dysmorphopsia
May 8th
An old ophthalmologist with scotoma(dark spot) and dysmorphopsia
An old ophthalmologist came to me last night when was my duty. He complainted that why he always found patients’ left eyes were in pathologyic changes. He was alert about that. He altered his right eye to check the patients’ left eyes and didn’t find anything wrong. He finally found his left eye was in trouble. He felt scotoma, dysmorphopsia and visual acuity decrease. I dilated his left eye and check the fundus with 90D fundus lens. I found a lot of yellow-white exudates and macular edema in central macular zone. I considered the pathologyic changea ware central exudative chorioretinitis or macular degeneration. I suggested him to come to me the other day to take a FFA exam and fundus OCT to make the diagnosis identified.
how to install elsevier latex class in your linux system?
May 6th
how to install elsevier latex class in your system?
If you want to write paper use latex and elsevier template, just do as follows:
1. sudo apt-get install texlive-full latex-beamer dvipdfmx latex-cjk-all
sudo apt-get install texmaker
vim would be better, if you good at it.
2. downlaod elsevier.cls from elsevier website
3. unzip it
4. move all the files to ../texmf/tex/latex/elsevier/ or /usr/share/texmf/tex/latex/elsevier/
5. sudo texhash
.cls files would be added into /usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/elsevier
6. \documentclass[option]{elsarticle}
7. enjoy it!
Basic knowledge of wavefront ablation
May 6th
The human optic system is a imperfect system. The difference between real image quality focused on the retina and ideal image quality is called wavefront ablation. Lower order aberrations could be easily corrected by spectacles or lasik laser surgery, But higher order aberrations are not able to be corrected freely. If we could do this, our vision acuity will reach to 2.0 or better.
There are some basic knowledge about it as follows:
1. We usually use RMS(the root mean square) and Zernike coefficients(7 steps 35 coefficients) to express aberrations.
2. Z, C, and (0,1,2,3,4,5,6, stands for 7steps)
see below
3. HOA, LOA
HOA: higher order aberrations
LOA: lower order aberrations
4. some basic nouns
spheric, coma, trefoil, tilting, astigmatism and so on
5. Myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism we usually meet in common life are lower order aberraitons, and could be corrected easily by spectacles.
Lymphoepithelial carcinoma in orbit
May 3rd
lymphoepithelial carcinoma in orbit
A middle age man with manifestation of right eye swelling and without pain, eye movement disability and exophthalmos. CT scan was made to define the limitation and location of the tumor. A 3.0mm*2.5mm tumor was extracted from the upper orbit in the surgery. Pathology and immunization results demonstrated as follow:
I supposed that the tumor was a metastatic one. Maybe origined from nasopharynxor sinus nearby. But the CT image didn’t show anything.
There were four articles mentioned in the pubmed.
1. [On a primary lymphoepithelial tumor (Schmincke) of the orbit]
2. A 20-year series of orbital exenteration.
3. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the maxillary sinus with orbital invasion.
4. Visual loss secondary to orbital apex invasion as the first manifestation of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
This kind of tumor occured in orbit was rare and need more research.
Bullshit: If you want to have kidney transplantation, you have to remove your homolateral eyeball for some reasons.
Apr 20th
I heard a ridiculous thing someday: If you want to have kidney transplantation, you have to remove your homolateral eyeball for some reasons. What a bullshit theory!
Vitrectomy and a young man with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Apr 20th
Vitrectomy and type 1 diabetes mellitus
A 20 years old undergraduate who was a patient of type 1 diabetic mellitus, had a vitrectomy surgery days ago because of the proliferative diabetic retinopathy. There were heavy multiple hemorrhages and neovascular tissues in front of the retina. Fortunately, the retina detachment was not total because of the 8 times laser therapy on the retina pre-surgery. A lot of time was spent on the removal of the neovascular tissue in surgery.
As we know, diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. The diabetic retinopathy does not occur for at least 3-5 years after the onset of this systemic disease. Vessels bleed, massive vitreous hemorrhage may cause sudden visual loss.
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus was recommended to ophthalmologist within 3 years after diagnosis and reexamined on at least an annual basis. Type 2 diabetic patients should be referred for examination at the time of diagnosis and reexamined at least annually.
Diabetic retinopathy was divided into nonproliferative and proliferative categories. The rate of proliferative is 50\% in 15 years. Macular edema would also happen during disease process.
Argon laser panretinal photocoagulation is usually indicated in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Because it can significantly reduce the chance of massice vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. Like the 20 years old man, four times argon laser panretinal photocoagulation in each eye reduced the risk of the total retinal detachment. We pity that the man was sent to us too late because the early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage and proliferative diabetic retinopathy was a good means to vision restored or maintained.
Now the patient only has hand movement visual acuity.
Congenital cataract of a young man
Apr 17th
Congenital cataract of a young man
I met a young man came to me asking for eye routine test. I found both of his eyes are presenting crystal lens local opacity. Left lens is more severer than right. I asked him to alternately cover one eye to feel which eye could see more clearly. He could not tell which one. You know, some of mild congenital cataract does not effect visual acuity.